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The fort at Quebec, however, attracted few residents, and Cardinal Richelieu, the chief minister of France, felt impelled to found in 1627 the Company of New France (Compagnie de la Nouvelle-France), popularly known as the Company of the Hundred Associates (Compagnie des Cent-Associés). The territory stretched from Hudson Bay to New Orleans, with the seat of government based in Québec. Talon's encouraged large families, domestic industries, and stable farming communities. Their success encouraged the charter companies to concentrate on the fur trade rather than build a solid agricultural base in the St. Lawrence Valley and induced many intrepid young colonists to leave the settlements and became coureurs-de-bois. The territory was then divided in five colonies, each with its own administration: Canada, Acadia, Hudson Bay, Newfoundland and Louisiana. It was a diluted form of European feudalism without any rich aristocrats. The Church insisted on the right to regulate the colony's morals, but it was unable to prevent the sale of brandy to Indians by the fur traders. Jacques Cartier's travels in In 1671 Simon François d’Aumont (or Daumont, sieur de St. Lusson) at Sault Ste. In 1758 Louisbourg fell; in 1759 James Wolfe captured Quebec; and in 1760 Montreal surrendered to Jeffery Amherst and with it all of New France. French military leader the marquis de Montcalm dying during the Battle of Quebec, in the French and Indian War, 1759. In 1608 he began the settlement that was named Quebec, selecting a commanding site that controlled the narrowing of the St. Lawrence River estuary. Back to the List of the Maps. In 1608 Champlain sailed up the St. Lawrence to Cape Diamond, where he built the fur-trading fort of Quebec. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. This policy strengthened a feeling of common purpose and even a nascent nationalism in New France. [2] Champlain possessed qualities that were needed for the founding of New France. Author of famous multivolume narrative by America's leading historian, with total command of the sources and a brilliant writing style that engages the reader; liberals strongly dislike Parkman's conservative tone. He married Marguerite GIRARD abt. When the Mohawks joined with the On… Some were a mix of military post and trading forts. It was the first time Québec's defences were tested. [12] The conflict was not over, for at the battle of St Foy in 1760, the French beat the British and again laid siege to Quebec. Adventurous, a skilled seaman and cartographer, Champlain was also patriotically eager to help expand French power in the new imperial age. Inspired by the missionary spirit of the Counter-Reformation, they sought to convert the Indians to Christianity and to keep New France Catholic. New France was the territory of North America acquired by France, during the Age of Exploration. in New France & New York in the late 1600s, and the Schenectady Massacre of 1690 The imperial rivalry between France and England in North America escalated with the outbreak of King William’s War (1689-1697), the first of the four French and Indian Wars. New Englanders proved unable to strike effectively at New France, which emerged from the conflict almost unscathed and completely victorious. Known as coureurs-de-bois, they extended both the fur trade and French imperial claims as far as the headwaters of the Mississippi. Three officers dominated the council: the governor, with responsibility for defence; the intendant, to administer justice and promote economic growth; and the bishop, who wielded great power through his control of the church. The French seigneurial landholding system was instituted, whereby a few seigneurs owned all the land and the habitants paid an small annual rent. The first intendant, Jean Baptiste Talon (1665–68 and 1670–72), stimulated colonization and industry. 1674 in Sorel, Canada, New France . Few followed thereafter, but by natural increase the population began to expand rapidly. The Citadel, Montreal1690-1821 4. Although mercantilism (the idea that the colonies existed for the material benefit of the mother country) dominated economic thought in Paris, the Crown used subsidies to promote the economic development of New France. France lost the war and the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 gave the British possession of Hudson Bay and Acadia, which was renamed Nova Scotia. More than 3,000 settlers, including girls of marriageable age, were sent out in the 1660s. In 1700 and 1701 peace was made between the Iroquois and New France, and between the Iroquois and the Indian allies of New France. (Among the rich, jewels were a must – even for men.) Montreal, which had been founded in 1642 on an island in the St. Lawrence river, had become the principal control centre for the interior fur trade. In succeeding years Cartier ascended the St. Lawrence as far as the Lachine Rapids, to where Montreal now stands, and attempted, with Jean-François de La Rocque, sieur de (lord of) Roberval, to found a colony near what is now Quebec. The Jesuits were successful in converting the Hurons, who trapped most of the furs. Clothing from 17th- and 18th-century Europe looks really beautiful because it is made of fine silks, satins, lace, furs, and even jewels. In 1690 they produced a grand design for an attack upon New France and in particular upon the centre of French power, the town of Quebec. The seigneurs, augmented their rents by financing the fur trade and operated inns, gristmills, trading posts and other small enterprises. The women and children were kidnapped, the men tortured and killed. Governor de Villebon surrendered Port Royal to the English on 11 May 1690. Despite chronic feuding, conciliar government proved efficient. About 16,000 French settlers came, of wh… In 1524 Giovanni da Verrazzano followed the eastern shore of America from Florida to Newfoundland. From there, Champlain began to explore and map systematically the whole upper St. Lawrence region from Georgian Bay in the northwest to Lake Champlain in the south. English attacks on Quebec and Montreal were defeated, however, and the French seized most of the English fur trading posts operated by Hudson's Bay Company posts. Bishop Laval secured for the Church huge seigneurial land grants as well as heavy endowments for the Jesuit order. In 1713 peace came to New France with the Treaty of Utrecht. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. In addition to creating a royal colony, the King sent a military commander, Alexandre de Prouville, the marquis de Tracy, and a regiment of soldiers who in 1666 defeated the Iroquois and forced them to make peace. Marguerite GIRARD was born abt. Sailing into the St. Lawrence River in 1534, he planted a cross in Gaspé, giving France control over what would become Nouvelle France, its North American colony. France became interested in the North America later than the other Western Christian powers — England, Spain and Portugal — and after the trips made by Christopher Columbus in 1492, John Cabot in 1497 and the Corte-Real brothers (see also Portuguese) in 1501 and 1502. In 1663 King Louis XIV decided to cancel the charter of the Company of New France and make New France into a royal province, with a governor as the ceremonial and military head of the colony. Jean-François LARIOU dit LAFONTAINE was born 14 December 1690 in Batiscan, Canada, New France . Authorities in New France capitalized on turmoil in the English colonies in the aftermath of the 1688 Glorious Revolution to launch raids with their Indian allies against targets on the already tense frontiers of New England and New York. Under François Laval,[4] who was named head of the colonial Church in 1659 and Bishop of New France in 1674, Protestants were not permitted to settle in Canada. The siege of Québec in 1690 was one of the most important events in the history of New France. New France (French: Nouvelle-France), also sometimes known as the French North American Empire or Royal New France, was the area colonized by France in North America, beginning with the exploration of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence by Jacques Cartier in 1534 and ending with the cession of New France to Great Britain and Spain in 1763 under the Treaty of Paris (1763). Quebec's final years under French control were ones of repeated wars, with inflation and administrative corruption compounding the hardships of the people. In return it was to take to New France 200 to 300 settlers a year. The French and Canadiens built forts from Newfoundland to Louisiana and others captured from the British from the 1600s to the late 1700s. By then it was clear that New France was a minor pawn in the great game of European power politics. the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia. Thus differences in rank meant little; feudal dues were a modest burden on the habitants. The habitant family was typically self-sufficient and independent. 1690– Acadia, New France. Then the French, under Louis de Buade, comte de Frontenac, began a series of border raids on New England, and finally marched into the Iroquois country. In 1710 Acadia had been seized again by the British, but in the next year an English expedition under Sir Hovenden Walker suffered serious losses along the St. Lawrence River and returned home. During King William’s War (the North American extension of the War of the Grand Alliance; 1689–97), a New England fleet and army under Sir William Phips seized Acadia, but the French defied Phips’s attempt to take Quebec in 1690. David E. Griffin, "The Man for the Hour": A Defense of Francis Parkman's Frontenac,", Havard, Gilles, and Cécile Vidal, "Making New France New Again: French historians rediscover their American past,", Parkman, Francis. The French colony existed from 1655 to 1763, when Britain took over and created the colony of Canada. Farming, particularly the cultivation of wheat, was strongly encouraged. In 1602, King Henry IV of France gave a monopoly of the Canadian fur trade to a Rouen business group. The war was ended by the Treaty of Rijswujk (1697) with New France holding Hudson Bay (but not Newfoundland) as well as all its former possessions. But war with England began, the company’s first fleet was captured, and in 1629 Quebec itself surrendered to the English. ... First mentioned in Nouvelle France in 1686; came to Nouvelle France with parents, wife and two sons. New France, French Nouvelle-France, (1534–1763), the French colonies of continental North America, initially embracing the shores of the St. Lawrence River, Newfoundland, and Acadia (Nova Scotia) but gradually expanding to include much of the Great Lakes region and parts of the trans-Appalachian West. Québec survived the English invasions of both these wars, but Port Royal and Acadia fell in 1690. In the context of the Seven Years War raging in Europe, the British attached major importance to the capture of North America from the French. Genealogy for Nicolas LeRoy (1637 - 1690) family tree on Geni, with over 200 million profiles of ancestors and living relatives. Samuel de Champlain was employed in the interests of successive fur-trading monopolies and sailed into the St. Lawrence in 1603. Having lost most approaches to the St. Lawrence, the French strengthened their defences and threatened Nova Scotia and the Newfoundland fisheries; the English responded by intensifying their pressure all along the frontier. At its peak in 1712, the territory of New France extended from Labrador to Lake Superior and from the Hudson Bay to the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico, and included much of what is now eastern Canada. When the war was finally ended and peace was made by the Treaty of Paris in 1763, all New France east of the Mississippi, outside the environs of New Orleans, was ceded to Great Britain. The colony received revenue both from the fur trade, which was the major economic activity, and a subsidy from Paris. Then in 1534 the French navigator and explorer Jacques Cartier entered the Gulf of St. Lawrence and took possession of New France for King Francis I. Bronze. New York. Trappers and woodsmen such as Etienne Bruléand Jean Nicolet[3] pushed further into the interior. Phipps sends a messenger to Gouverneur Frontenac, ... New France is then an enormous empire that goes from Hudson Bay to the Mexican Gulf (through all the american midwest), and from Acadie to … Recalled in 1682, Frontenac left an internally divided and poorly defended colony but when fresh Iroquois began and war with England started again (King William's War), he was reappointed as governor in 1689. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Travelling up-river, Cartier established a settlement at Stadacona, near present-day Quebec City. If you didn’t receive any answer from us in reasonable period of time (72 hours), you probably have a spam-filter problem. He married Marguerite Dugas on 5 November 1710, in Acadia, New France. Meanwhile, Britain and France were competing intensely for land and trade on the American continent. [13] The Treaty of Paris in 1763 ratified British control of New France, now renamed Quebec. New France was colonized by France from the exploration of the Saint Lawrence River by Jacques Cartier in 1534. The colony failed, but out of these explorations the French fur trade with the Native Americans (First Nations) of the gulf and the river regions began. Franco-British rivalries, in France in America/La France en Amérique, from the Library of Congress and the Bibliothèque Nationale de France The People of Colonial Albany Live Here, from the New York State Museum Schenectady massacre of 1690, history and statistics from the Schenectady Public Library In 1534, in a voyage... French settlement at Port Royal, Nova Scotia, from a map by Marc Lescarbot, 1609. New France, 1697. In 1663 King Louis XIV nationalized the private fur-trade monopoly. Omissions? These wars were not especially successful for the French, but they corresponded to the contemporary view of the obligations of kingship. In the winter of 1690, Count Frontenac of New France planned three expeditions, one in New York one in New Hampshire and one in Maine, and began attacking English frontier settlements in these colonies, according to Charles Augustus Goodrich in his book A … French forts at Crown Point and Ticonderoga, south of the St. Lawrence, blocked a British invasion by way of Lake Champlain and the Richelieu River. The name Gallia Nova (New France) was first recorded in 1529 on a map prepared by the brother of Giovanni da Verrazano, who, in the service of France, had explored the coasts of North America in 1524 from what is now the Carolinas north to Nova Scotia. Throughout the summer, the invasion fleet in Boston continued to grow. In May, Phips landed a smaller force near the French settlement of Port Royal, on the eastern shore of the Bay of Fundy (Nova Scotia). He would come to be known as the Saviour of New France. In his lengthy report to the Bishop of London, Miller surveys the colony's climate, resources, settlements, population, commerce, and military fortifications. The English and their American colonists were to conquer all New France, but it was done in two stages. The great battle on the Plains of Abraham in 1759 was won by the cleverness of British General James Wolfe (1727-1759),[11] who was killed as the British surprised and captured Quebec city; the French commander marquis de Montcalm (1712–59) also was killed. The first European explorer to reach New France was Jacques Cartier;[1] he was commissioned by the king of France to "discover certain islands and lands where it is said that a great quantity of gold, and other precious things, are to be found." In the early 18th century the American colonies experienced a population explosion, accompanied by rapid economic growth. 29.9 grams. The English Fort Oswego, on the south shore of Lake Ontario, challenged French territorial claims and threatened their fur trade.

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