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This companion or ‘Dear Child’ is almost certainly Wordsworth’s own daughter, Caroline, whose mother was the Frenchwoman Annette Vallon. We like to call my paternal grandfather “the Judge,” and we use this moniker in a spirit of camaraderie. If thou appear untouched by solemn thought, She has always enjoyed writing, reading, and analysing literature. That’s all in the poem’s octave, or first eight lines. (including. Newcomb could even kill Abbey if he wished. It was composed by Romantic poet William Wordsworth around 1804, though he subsequently revised it—the final and most familiar version of the poem was published in 1815. ), but that doesn’t make her ‘nature’ less ‘divine’ than his: she lies ‘in Abraham’s bosom’ all year round. It comes as no surprise that his expectations of what the “beauteous mankind” might be like are dismissed as elusive ideals. This substitution of nature for God is exactly what Abbey’s been arguing throughout the book. Newcomb’s behavior, again, suggests that he’s channeling Earth’s calmness and impartiality. Virtue is beauty, but the beauteous evil Are empty trunks o'erflourish'd by the devil. The uselessness of maps—like Abbey’s watch when he first arrives at Arches—illustrates that the isolation Abbey advocates is so complete that human ideas of time and geography become irrelevant. On the last day of their “dreamlike voyage,”. Abbey’s harmonica song, a hymn that echoes their moment “by the river,” both invokes a sense of nature’s divinity and asserts Abbey idea that music can communicate more accurately than words. Here’s the poem first: It is a beauteous evening, calm and free, -Graham S. Abbey dissects his claim that isolation ultimately brings people together. By examining his feelings here, Abbey adds a necessary ingredient—joy—to his wider argument that freedom fosters peaceful coexistence among people. Teachers and parents! Wordsworth’s Poetical Works Questions and Answers. (860-862) Venus addresses the sun. Come, come, sir. This feeling contributes to Abbey’s belief that nature is otherworldly or beyond ordinary human comprehension—a belief that Newcomb confirms when he pretends not to recognize the human-made idea of a monotheistic natural order. "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" is one of the most famous and best-loved poems written in the English language. About The Author. It is a beauteous evening, calm and free. Now, in 1802, as he prepared to settle down and marry a woman named Mary Hutchinson, Wordsworth made the trip across the Channel to visit his daughter and discuss his marriage with Caroline’s mother. The manner of the men’s boat launch is symbolic: floating separately at first, they soon latch their rafts together, which enables conversation and gives Abbey a sense of comfort. The speaker … This explains why, earlier, he imagined that frogs, horses, and owls felt joy. The repetition of “dreamlike” connects Abbey to the character Billy-Joe Husk, who also bonded with the earth by forgetting time and entering a dream state. This substitution of nature for God is exactly what Abbey’s been arguing throughout the book. Newcomb’s middle-finger gesture is a further rejection of society’s ideas, like government-granted permission to catch fish. Returning to his argument about the liberating aspects of nature, Abbey’s quote from Jefferson, author of the Declaration of Independence, connects Abbey’s private experience of freedom to the broader social need for democracy. Nevertheless, the focus on the beautiful ‘calm’ of the evening, the appeal to ‘Listen!’, the thunder/roar we find in both, and the turn to a female companion to provide, and to an extent to seek, reassurance. His wordplay on “atheist” gives readers a handy reference for his adoration of the natural, rather than the supernatural. Powell’s fixation on the visible and audible echoes Abbey’s ruminations on the conflict between reality and appearances in nature. It may he called a condensed spiritual autobiography of the poet. There is an excellent biography of Wordsworth by Hunter Davies in which this relationship is described. I have watched her wandering through the forest of Arden, disguised as a pretty boy in hose and doublet and dainty cap. And ‘turn’ is the right word: at the moment Wordsworth turns to speak to his nine-year-old daughter in line 9, we get the signature volta or ‘turn’ found in the Petrarchan sonnet at this point. A reading of a classic Wordsworth sonnet ‘Nuns Fret Not at Their Convent’s Narrow Room’ is the title often given to the sonnet by William Wordsworth (1770-1850) which has this as its opening line. Fortunately, Byron was preternaturally self-aware and he greeted his newfound celebrity with amusement. “God’s window” is a telling sign that the place is divine, as is Abbey’s insistence here that to die in such a place would be ideal. Thy nature is not therefore less divine: The sonnet describes an evening walk on the beach with his nine-year-old daughter Caroline Vallon. Interesting Literature is a participant in the Amazon EU Associates Programme, an affiliate advertising programme designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by linking to Amazon.co.uk. Meanwhile, after nightfall, the river changes from inviting to menacing. The purpose of this seaside walk with his daughter was important to the poet. It is a Beauteous Evening, Calm and Free by William Wordsworth Wordsworth, poet to It is a Beauteous Evening, Calm and Free, was Britain’s Poet Laureate from 1843 until 1850. Enter your email address to subscribe to this site and receive notifications of new posts by email. [26] As the above citation from Inferno 26 makes clear, the human who briefly and illicitly glimpsed the stars of the “other pole” is Ulysses. ANTONIO Lead me on. Instant downloads of all 1406 LitChart PDFs Brooks points to William Wordsworth's poem “It is a beauteous evening, calm and free.” He begins by outlining the initial and surface conflict, which is that the speaker is filled with worship, while his female companion does not seem to be. This cycle suggests that he and the earth are “joining” a reciprocal relationship. As the plot of Brave New World unfolds, the crucial conlict of civili- sation and nature gains in force. God being with thee when we know it not. Of course, Arnold turns such divine comfort on its head, seeing human companionship as a consolation for the lack of the divine, rather than viewing the human and divine as one. Breathless with adoration; the broad sun . As with his previous entrapment in quicksand, Newcomb’s instrument is tobacco: instead of stoking Abbey’s terror at the fire, he simply lights a match. the mighty Being is awake, And doth with his eternal motion make A sound like thunder—everlastingly. Abbey returns to his political argument against paved roads, the symbolic destruction of nature and, consequently, of personal freedom. Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" is one of the most famous and best-loved poems written in the English language. By invoking the Hindi idea of Maya—the superficial visible realm that prevents humanity from seeing the world as it really is—Abbey argues that the problem of language has spiritual as well as philosophical significance. Isolation gives two essential feelings: first is liberty, as in the wilderness, one feels free to do whatever one wants. Abbey symbolically escapes this feeling of menace by joining Newcomb—yet another instance of Abbey’s awakening to social life. He is remembered as a poet of spiritual and epistemological speculation, a poet concerned with the human relationship to nature and a fierce advocate of using the vocabulary and speech patterns of common people in poetry. Abbey’s phrasing suggests that in real life Glen Canyon was just as divine a place as Eden and was equally wasted by human disobedience (by the dam). (931-934) Venus addresses death. He also invokes both Western and Eastern religious language to suggest that nature’s divinity applies to everyone, not just Christians. LitCharts Teacher Editions. Returning to England he published (1793) An Evening Walk, dealing with the … The “dream” simile helps connect Abbey to Billy-Joe Husk, who lost track of time, entered a dreamlike state, and perceived earthly signals not far from where Abbey is now. the mighty Being is awake, Unlike many of the other sonnets of 1802, “It is a beauteous evening” is not charged with either moral or political … Allisa graduated with a degree in Secondary Education and English and taught World Literature and Composition at the high school level. Here, Abbey articulates an important fact about nature: despite his personification of it, Earth is basically indifferent to people. Download books for free. The holy time is quiet as a Nun Even the sun seems to be setting more out of a glorious lethargy and relaxation than because … well, because it’s what it does every evening. Exit with Officers. “Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. Children form an intense bond with nature, somuch so that they appear to be a part of the natural world, ratherthan a part of the human, social world. It is a beauteous evening, calm and free, The holy time is quiet as a Nun . Find books Brooks points to William Wordsworth’s poem “It is a beauteous evening, calm and free.” He begins by outlining the initial and surface conflict, which is that the speaker is filled with worship, while his female companion does not seem to be. Since all he can discern in reality are sensory things—visible, audible, and so on—Abbey commits his worship to exactly this realm: the earth and nothing more. About The Author. Is sinking down in its tranquillity; Recalling young Billy-Joe, readers infer that Abbey is finding a similar harmony with nature. But when his evening wheels o'erhung the main, Glad conquest rested on the Grecian train. The Tempest Study guide | Litcharts | download | Z-Library. Wordsworth cannot know what Caroline is thinking (is she ‘untouched by solemn thought’, unlike her father, who is very much touched? William Wordsworth was one of the founders of English Romanticism and one its most central figures and important intellects. As the beginning of line nine (‘Dear Child! Allisa graduated with a degree in Secondary Education and English and taught World Literature and Composition at the high school level. Here, Abbey gives a crucial distinction in his religious beliefs: though he often invokes God, or gods, or tradition Christian divinity, he does not believe in a monotheistic universe. Drifting peacefully toward the Gulf of California, as if in a dream, it seems foolish to exert any effort. The tourists’ litter reminds readers of Abbey’s previous argument against Industrial Tourism and warns of the inevitable development of this area. Allisa Corfman More from this Author . He was now an ardent supporter of the Revolution, and was deterred only by the interference of friends at home from joining the Girondins and probably sharing their fate. My grandfather, who died eighteen years ago, was a forceful sort of […] The poem contains many autobiographical elements, and is perhaps the […] Dear child! And ‘It is a beauteous evening, calm and free’ is a sonnet, and a Petrarchan sonnet – but with one important innovation. But in Abbey’s hands, this quote serves the more modern, environmentalist argument that Earth is both a deity and a church in itself. Breathless with adoration.” Brooks says, if paradox was the basis of romanticism, it was amply used by the neo—classicists in their poetry. A FEW REFLECTIVE MOMENTS CAN GIVE US A VIEW OF A WRITER’S LIFE, HIS OR HER GLIMPSE INTO THE INSTANT THAT REVEALS ALL. Composed Upon Westminster Bridge - Analysis 1. WORDSWORTH’S POEM DOES THIS WELL AS DOES MATTHEW ARNOLD’S POEM YOU CITED. “It is a beauteous evening calm and free . Find books The sound of the world turning is likened to thunder, but everlasting thunder, because the world keeps on turning, forever. Post was not sent - check your email addresses! Although Caroline was very much alive in 1802, Wordsworth appears to be referring to the special place in heaven children occupied, at least in his Romantic ‘philosophy’. This illustrates the subjective, ever-changing nature of the world—a truth that makes the idea of a fixed, unchanging reality even more elusive. And doth with his eternal motion make From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. dear Girl! It is a Beauteous Evening, Calm and Free By William Wordsworth. A writer by trade, Abbey can’t help but voice his wonder in prose—an instinct that Newcomb shoots down with a curt, “Who cares,” confirming Abbey’s suspicion that language is ultimately useless. Abbey’s guilt about leaving Newcomb is further evidence that nature has reawakened his love for humanity. with two quatrains of enclosed rhyme. Abbey is inserting deliberately poetic language into his prose to capture nature. He supports this with yet more cathedral imagery. We'll make guides for February's winners by March 31st—guaranteed. dear Girl!’) Wordsworth turns to address his companion, who walks with him on the shore. The exhilaration of nature turns people’s moral freedom into goodwill. ‘It is a beauteous evening, calm and free’ is a short lyric poem by William Wordsworth (1770-1850), perhaps the greatest and most celebrated English Romantic poet. This poem is thought to have originated from a real moment in Wordsworth’s life, when he walked on the beach with the daughter he had not known for a decade. Fires happen, Newcomb seems to imply, echoing the indifference of nature. A sound like thunder—everlastingly. that walkest with me here, It is a calm and beautiful evening, and the sun is setting peacefully as the sky hangs over the sea: It is a beauteous evening, calm and free, The holy time is quiet as a nun . In Wordsworth’s poetry, childhood is a magical, magnificenttime of innocence. Sonnet Composed Upon Westminster Bridge Writer: The poem was written in 1802 when Wordsworth and his sister, Dorothy, were going to Calais, to meet with his former French mistress Annette Vallon and Caroline, his illegitimate daughter by … Is sinking down in its tranquility; The gentleness of heaven broods o'er the Sea; Listen! Additionally, by invoking references to two of the world’s most famous temples (in France and India, respectively), Abbey implies that Glen Canyon was not only sacred but also a place where people could gather to worship its divinity. William Wordsworth was one of the founders of English Romanticism and one its most central figures and important intellects. First Officer The man grows mad: away with him! It is a Beauteous Evening, Calm and Free by William Wordsworth. Allisa Corfman More from this Author . That Newcomb catches one so easily illustrates both his easy harmony with nature and nature’s ability to support human life. For Abbey, a death in nature is the best way to recirculate one’s energy into the earth, its native habitat. Here, in Glen Canyon, he feels it in full force. In that poem, written nearly fifty years later, the view is the same (of the English Channel), although Arnold is viewing the sea from Dover, while Wordsworth is across the water, on the coast of northern France. The “beauteous evening” quote comes from a William Wordsworth sonnet which argues that loving nature is the same as loving God. Listen! The fact that fire (on shore) can terrify Abbey while pacifying Newcomb (in his hand) suggests that Abbey’s emotions have contorted reality, yet another example of humanity’s separation from Earth. The river takes over for. 'Hard-favour’d tyrant, ugly, meagre, lean, Hateful divorce of love,’—thus chides she Death,— ‘Grim-grinning ghost, earth’s worm, what dost thou mean To stifle beauty and to steal his breath.' Thanks for exploring this SuperSummary Study Guide of “Tintern Abbey” by William Wordsworth. It was composed by Romantic poet William Wordsworth around 1804, though he subsequently revised it—the final and most familiar version of the poem was published in 1815. Yet at this point, Wordsworth implores us to ‘Listen!’ – God is awake, and demonstrating his power, since the sun sets because God has decreed it. This childlike state of innocence, which highlights Abbey and Newcomb’s connection to nature, conflicts sharply with the sign’s warning of industrial development, a change that will forever remove the men’s sense of freedom from the area. I have seen her die in the gloom of an Italian tomb, sucking the poison from her lover's lips. But rather than simply comparing Glen Canyon to the Christian heaven, Abbey argues that the paradise of Earth is much more complex, as it contains both disaster and beauty. Meanwhile, when Abbey kicks the stone, he reenacts a famous action of the 18th-century critic Samuel Johnson, who kicked a stone to refute another idealist philosopher, Bishop Berkeley. The majority of the following poems are to be considered as experiments. Notably, both Abbey and Billy-Joe Husk endured sand in their food and understood the mockery of nearby ravens. It was first published in the collection Poems, in Two Volumes in 1807, appearing as the nineteenth poem in a section entitled 'Miscellaneous sonnets'.. They were written chiefly with a view to ascertain how far the language of conversation in the middle and lower classes of society is adapted to the purposes of poetic pleasure - William Wordsworth, from the Advertisment prefacing the original 1798 edition. Sonnet Composed Upon Westminster Bridge Writer: The poem was written in 1802 when Wordsworth and his sister, Dorothy, were going to Calais, to meet with his former French mistress Annette Vallon and Caroline, his illegitimate daughter by … It’s also worth noting that the river can’t support much life: though Abbey advocates isolation, this reminds him that he also needs Newcomb to help him survive—a reflection of humanity’s need for society. It is a Beauteous Evening, Calm and Free by William Wordsworth. But, second, because being away from technology inspires joy, people discover that they don’t want to do things like committing murder. Though Eliot’s poem evokes the desert’s bleakness, the mere fact that it’s composed of words—a human invention—disqualifies it from describing the earth, a defiantly inhuman entity. The “beauteous evening” quote comes from a William Wordsworth sonnet which argues that loving nature is the same as loving God. Sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email. (In full, ‘It is a beauteous evening, calm and free’ is rhymed abbaacca defdfe.). As the sun touches the sea as it sets, Wordsworth likens it to God’s gentleness. ‘It is a beauteous evening, calm and free’ is a short lyric poem by William Wordsworth (1770-1850), perhaps the greatest and most celebrated English Romantic poet. Wordsworth, who is entirely simple and pure as a poet, is also a paradoxical poet in his typical poems such as “It is a Beauteous Evening” where evening is compared to a nun: “It is a beauteous evening calm and free The holy time is quiet as a nun McCarthy’s striking views of the setting provide a background for a novel soaked throughout with blood, deception and mindless cruelty. Read the poem and get the summary on what it all means. Our. In the final line of the poem, Wordsworth tells Caroline that God is wither even when he and she are unaware of it. William Wordsworth (7 April 1770 – 23 April 1850) was an English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped to launch the Romantic Age in English literature with their joint publication Lyrical Ballads (1798).. Wordsworth's magnum opus is generally considered to be The Prelude, a semi-autobiographical poem of his early years that he revised and expanded a number of times. A man appears on the shore, yelling something at them which they can’t hear, and they pass away from him gladly. The fact that the clouds harmonize with the fish—two totally unrelated entities—illustrates Abbey’s belief that animals (human beings included) are unified with their natural environment. By repeating “Eden” here, Abbey further stresses the idea that wilderness is the place where human beings, like Adam and Eve in the Bible, can commune with God. Of course, a river can’t really “oblige” anything. His total embrace of these conflicting elements also leads him to embrace Earth’s “dogmatically real” appearance. The poem Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey is generally known as Tintern Abbey written in 1798 by the father of Romanticism William Wordsworth. One wonders whether Matthew Arnold was recalling Wordsworth’s poem when he wrote his famous seaside poem, ‘Dover Beach’. Composed Upon Westminster Bridge - Analysis 1. This illustrates Earth as an infinite and awe-inspiring place—echoed by Abbey’s thoughts here on canyon, so vast that New York City (a symbol of industrial growth) could fit inside. At breakfast, the sand in the air bonds with. Then rash Patroclus with new fury glows, And breathing slaughter, pours amid the foes. This was the first time he’d spent time with her: Wordsworth had fallen in love with Annette Vallon during the French Revolution, when a young, idealistic Wordsworth has spent time in France in 1791-2. Here, Abbey finally states the social benefit of solitude. One evening she is Rosalind, and the next evening she is Imogen. Literary Analysis: It Is A Beauteous Evening. Returning to England he published (1793) An Evening Walk, dealing with the … His prison imagery—echoed elsewhere by cars, his trailer, and other artificial enclosures—further develops the contrast between nature and human arrogance. A reading of a classic Wordsworth sonnet ‘Nuns Fret Not at Their Convent’s Narrow Room’ is the title often given to the sonnet by William Wordsworth (1770-1850) which has this as its opening line. Summary The day is warm, the sky is clear, the waves sparkle. ‘It is a beauteous evening, calm and free’: in summary, Wordsworth praises the beautiful evening for its calm and quiet. Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. Abbey’s thoughts on nature’s motherly and paradisiacal qualities further his belief that nature is divine. The poem is an argument about the usefulness of the sonnet as … It is a Beauteous Evening, Calm and Free BY WILLIAM WORDSWORTH It is a beauteous evening, calm and free, The holy time is quiet as a Nun Breathless with adoration; the broad sun Is sinking down in its tranquility; The gentleness of heaven broods o'er the Sea; Listen! It’s worth pondering and even analysing here, though, as the poem is a brilliant evocation of nature’s tranquillity and worthy of a few words of analysis. John Savage, a young man brought up in the Savage Reservation, is presented the new, civilised world. One recent evening, my father and I were sharing a bottle of wine when our conversation turned, as if often does, to his father. My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class.”. Though a glockenspiel is a typical Western instrument, the lorelei are mythical sirens on the banks of the Rhine River in Germany. Readers have seen Newcomb calmly handle quicksand, and here, with similes to the river and sky, Abbey explicitly spells out Newcomb’s harmonious attitude with nature. Again, Abbey enlists his hero Powell, a staunch Christian, to argue that anyone in their right mind would find this place sacred. Here, in Glen Canyon, he feels it in full force. Humanity is ugly—as these poets have attested throughout history—but by taking periodic breaks from others, one can learn to live with them. VIOLA Methinks his words do from such passion fly, That he believes himself: so … But, aside from its reasonably well-known opening line, ‘It is a beauteous evening, calm and free’ is not usually listed among Wordsworth’s best-known poems. Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage was the poem whose publication caused Byron to remark, “I awoke one morning and found myself famous.” Published in 1812, it did indeed bring him fame and literary renown. In the Christian belief system, Eden is regarded as the garden where the first human beings communed with God; it was lost forever after Adam and Eve’s disobedience. The gentleness of heaven broods o’er the Sea; 1543 Words 7 Pages “It is a Beauteous Evening” describes a beautiful evening and goes beyond appreciating the beauty of the nature that the speaker sees as he takes a walk along the beach with the child. The Tempest Study guide | Litcharts | download | Z-Library. Abbey’s adverb “dogmatically” asserts that the superficial visible realm is a perfectly good dogma, or belief system, in itself. They're like having in-class notes for every discussion!”, “This is absolutely THE best teacher resource I have ever purchased. Breathless with adoration; the broad sun “Wine-dark” is a classic phrase from Ancient Greek bard Homer. After months alone, this is an idea Abbey hopes to test out with Newcomb, his first proper companion thus far. Tintern Abbey is one of the triumphs of Wordsworth's genius. Then from amidst the tumult and alarms, They draw the conquer'd corse and radiant arms. The phrase “dogmatic clarity” suggests that people’s sensory experience of Earth is physically “clear” enough to inspire belief. It’s as if the whole world is hushed with admiration for the beauty of nature, much as a nun is rendered breathless and speechless with her admiration for God. During 1791, he visited France where he fell in love with a French woman, Annette Vallon, a beautiful surgeon with whom he had a child, a daughter named Caroline. Wordsworth's Poetical Works Summary and Analysis of "It is a beauteous evening" The speaker begins by describing the scene. It is a beauteous evening, calm and free. LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in. By claiming that Earth is the only reality, Abbey dismisses not only a supernatural afterlife but also the philosophical objection that reality is inaccessible beyond what’s superficially visible. Thou liest in Abraham’s bosom all the year; A modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality study guides that feature detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, quotes, and essay topics. She has always enjoyed writing, reading, and analysing literature. Abbey quotes Thomas Lovell Beddoes here, a suicidal Victorian dramatist who, like Abbey, promoted democracy and believed the human soul (on scientific, not religious grounds) was everlasting. With the climactic Rainbow Bridge as their destination. Like Abbey’s earlier comparison of juniper to the incense of Dante’s fictional poetry, this reference suggests that nature can only accurately be communicated imaginatively and sensorially. This convergence represents a larger theme Abbey has been exploring about solitude and society: that being alone in the wilderness ultimately brings people together. Summary "Michael" is an extended ballad, pastoral in nature, dealing with rural life and shepherding.A long poem of 491 lines, it appeared at the end of Lyrical Ballads.The story involves an aged father, Michael, and his younger wife, Isabel.The couple has one son, Luke, whom they raise lovingly to take over their property with devotion to the simple ideals they have lived by. The poem is an argument about the usefulness of the sonnet as … I think I’m right in saying both Wordsworth and his wife, Mary travelled to France to see Caroline and her mother. The abandoned mine, like a Roman ruin, becomes a small symbol of Earth’s longevity and triumph over humanity. Brooks points to William Wordsworth’s poem “It is a beauteous evening, calm and free.” He begins by outlining the initial and surface conflict, which is that the speaker is filled with worship, while his female companion does not seem to be. Struggling with distance learning? A Petrarchan sonnet is divided into an octave (eight-line unit) and a sestet (six-line unit), with the octave rhymed abbaabba, i.e. "It is a beauteous evening, calm and free" is a sonnet by William Wordsworth written at Calais in August 1802. The Question and Answer section for Wordsworth’s Poetical Works is a great resource to ask questions, find answers, and discuss the novel. The beauteous influence that makes him bright. "My students can't get enough of your charts and their results have gone through the roof." Plenty of great explorers have come before. THANKS FOR THIS COLUMN. The quoted Irishman is James Joyce, who invented a completely new language in his book. Brooks points to William Wordsworth's poem “It is a beauteous evening, calm and free.” He begins by outlining the initial and surface conflict, which is that the speaker is filled with worship, while his female companion does not seem to be. Wordsworth wrote ‘It is a beauteous evening, calm and free’ in 1802, when Caroline would have been 9 years old. But Wordsworth departs slightly from this, rhyming his octave abbaacca, thus introducing a new rhyme in the middle of the second quatrain. But, aside from its reasonably well-known opening line, ‘It is a beauteous evening, calm and free’ is not usually listed among Wordsworth’s best-known poems. Abbey’s constant comparisons of himself with Billy-Joe suggest that humanity’s oneness with nature can be discovered by anyone—by children as well as professional writers with environmentalist agendas. Rainbow Bridge further confirms Abbey’s belief that the physical Earth is all that exists—not the supernatural afterlife of religion or the underlying reality that idealist philosophers like Plato and Hegel claimed could not be accessed. And worshipp’st at the Temple’s inner shrine, According to one critic, this beauteous landscape is the lone virginal feature of the novel and seems to be detached from the murder and chaos of the plot (James 31). Abbey reasons that if Wesley—a missionary advocate who was named after the founder of Methodism, John Wesley—compared Glen Canyon to the Christian heaven, then surely Abbey is right in believing that this place is divine. Abbey continues connecting his disdain for words to his disdain for anything artificial that separates him from nature.

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