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Town inhabitants chipped in and provided a horse, riding clothes, and an escort to allow Joan to undertake the perilous 270-mile journey through Burgundian-held lands from Vaucoulers to the royal court in Chinon. The Trial of Joan of Arc is a translation of those illuminating Latin trial records by Daniel Hobbins...It is in these records that Joan speaks and her words--though filtered through the pens of enemies determined to mark her a blasphemous liar and heretic--are capable of moving anyone reading them, hence the numerous authors and poets that have been bewitched, including the likes of Leonard Cohen, Hilaire … I give the trial text of Daniel Hobbins’ “The Trial of Joan of Arc” 5 stars. As the fighting waged, lives went on and lives ended. Babies cannot run kingdoms, and so in France Henry’s brother, John the duke of Bedford, was named regent. The treaty changed everything. She would be tried by Church authorities, but still held prisoner each night in the royal castle. Asked if she wanted a woman’s dress, Joan said, “If you will let me, give me one, and I will take it and go. If necessary, more questions would be answered later. On April 26, 1429, Joan rode into battle. Two of the witnesses claimed to have dashed off and grabbed a crucifix to hold before Joan until she became blinded by the flames. Only if she submitted to the Church, the bishop answered. Joan agreed to renounce her crimes and she marked the document with a quill. “Whether they are good spirits or evil spirits, they appeared to me.” Did an angel really carry a crown to Charles? She told those in the assembly that on their forms were jeweled crowns. It makes known to us a cause which has seriously shocked human conscience, and at the same time reveals to us the most authentic and most poignant experiences in the life of the heroic Jeanne D'Arc, the pride and mirror of a people. Map of Political Divisions in France in late 1420s, Joan of Arc Trial: Images of Original Documents, The Six Public Examinations of Joan (2/21-3/3/1431), The Private Examinations of Joan (March 4-17, 1431), Trial Transcript: Reading of 70 Articles of Accusations and Joan's Answers to Each (March 27-28, 1431), Twelve Articles of Accusation Against Joan of Arc (4/5/1431), Exhortations and Admonitions (April 18 and May 2, 1431), Deliberations, Final Trial Session, and Sentence (May 9-23, 1431), Joan's Relapse and Final Adjudication (May 28-29, 1431), Joan of Arc Trial: The Sentence of Death (May, 30, 1431), Decision Voiding Joan's Sentence ("Sentence of Rehabilitation" concluding the "Nullification Trial"), Joan's Nullification Trial: Links to Documents, Letters of Joan of Arc (1429-1430): Links, Joan of Arc Trial: Bibliography and Links. Cauchon announced that Joan would be welcomed back to the Church, her soul would be saved—but she would live the rest of her days in prison in penance for her sins. Henry returned to France with an army that swept inland from the coast. She saw a scaffold erected in a nearby open space. She received a visit on April 18 from Cauchon and his assistants, who exhorted her to submit to the church. Joan was lifted from a ditch and carried to safety. It was brought to the kind by an angel, but she could say no more about it. The gathered authorities were in no mood to accept this challenge to their authority. Joan answered, “If I saw the fire, I would say all that I am saying to you now, and would not act differently.” She added a warning: if the Church did allow her to be put to death, “evil will seize upon you, body and soul.” The defiant Joan was led back to her cell. We could begin our story in the village of Domremy, France, where Joan, in her father’s garden at the age of 13, Joan saw a light and first heard the voice of an angel. They were tossed into the Seine. Joan first revealed that the sign could last for a thousand or more years and at that moment lay in the king’s treasury. Joan of Arc was a young French woman who said she had been sent to help Charles VII during the Hundred Years' War, which led to her capture by the English-allied Burgundians during the siege of Compiègne in 1430, followed by a trial and execution conducted by a pro-English church court overseen by English commanders at Rouen, Normandy in 1431. With Florence Delay, Jean-Claude Fourneau, Roger Honorat, Marc Jacquier. Joan heard once again a familiar plea, submit to the Church’s judgement and admit your sins. Even Burgundians were impressed. But when John of Burgundy knelt before his prince, a axe was driven into his skull. Prior to her appearance, she had again been examined and found to be a virgin. Did she understand that while the Church would never take a life, it could turn her over to secular arm which could punish her with fire? The division among the French traced back to the murder by John, the duke of Burgundy of his cousin, Louis, the duke of Orleans in 1407, after a power struggle for influence with the king. They moved Joan to Rouen, the capital of English Normandy. Power over France’s government shifted to Henry’s control. She was shown the instruments of torture ready to aid in straightening her thinking. Henry Beaufort, the Cardinal of England, was there. The proceeding opened on November 7, 1455 before a great crowd in the Cathedral of Notre-Dame in Paris. Unfortunately for the Burgundians, a couple of royal deaths by 1417 made the new heir to the throne of France the king’s youngest son, 14-year-old Charles, a boy who was betrothed at the time to a young woman whose father was counted among the Armagnacs closest confederates. And like so many stories in history, things do not end well for Joan. Joan, once again, was dressed in men’s clothes, not the dress she had been given after her abjuration. The English were on the run. The Burgundians held a trial—of sorts—of the dauphin in January 1421. To the Burgundians, the dauphin Charles was a murderer and they could never owe him their allegiance. Original title: Procès de Jeanne d'Arc (Trial of Joan of Arc). On May 30, 1431, after a lengthy and highly unusual trial process, Joan is bound to a wooden stake in the market square of Rouen. The Holy Ampulla was housed there, eighty miles northeast of Paris. Cauchon and the judges left to discuss their next action. But he was found guilty, disinherited from the crown, and sentenced to exile from the realm. Taking Orleans would mean for the English a gateway into Armagnac France. The dauphin, of course, failed to appear to answer the charges against him, including the murder of John of Burgundy. In short, France was a country with two governments, one Armagnac-controlled and one run by Burgundians. 2. She had also heard from St. Michael—and saw the saints and the angels as real physical presences. The 1928 film The Passion of Jeanne d’Arc, hailed as a cinematic masterpiece, was based on the trial record. Robert Bresson's The Trial of Joan of Arc opened and closed last week at the enterprising New Yorker Theatre on a double bill with a revival of Roberto Rossellini's Open City. Take care what you do, for in truth I am sent by God, and you put yourself in grave danger.” Asked how she knew for certain she was in God’s grace, Joan said, “If I’m not, may God put me there; and if I am, may God keep me in it. with an essay on the trial of jeanne d'arc and dramatis personae, biographical sketches of the trial judges and other persons involved in the maid's career, trial and death She demanded the return of “the keys of all the fine towns that you have taken and violated in France.” If he did not, Joan warned, she will make his men “leave,…and if they will not obey, I will have them all killed. But then Bishop Cauchon asked the executor of the court to present to Joan a statement of abjuration, which he read to her. Within a month after the battle of Agincourt, the Duke of Burgundy fixed his efforts on taking control of the government of France, which remained largely in Armagnac hands as it controlled Paris and with it the king. Three witnesses to Joan’s execution described how impressed they were with Joan’s piety, even as the flames swept up around her. Ordinary Trial Joan is formally accused of heresy but refuses to submit to the Church. She rode across the bridge and straight into the heart of the enemy’s position. In 1437, King Charles was welcomed into Paris, a city he had last seen at age 15. Original trailer for Robert Bresson's Le Procès de Jeanne d'Arc (1962). The eleven-day trip west to Chinon could hardly have happened without the backing of Charles’s mother-in-law, Yolande of Aragon, a believer both in visionaries and in the dream of reuniting France under the kingship of Charles. She also said that she carried a banner so as to avoid killing anyone in battle herself. French men and horses attacked the English. Continued, Map of Political Divisions in France in late 1420s, Joan of Arc Trial: Images of Original Documents, The Six Public Examinations of Joan (2/21-3/3/1431), The Private Examinations of Joan (March 4-17, 1431), Trial Transcript: Reading of 70 Articles of Accusations and Joan's Answers to Each (March 27-28, 1431), Twelve Articles of Accusation Against Joan of Arc (4/5/1431), Exhortations and Admonitions (April 18 and May 2, 1431), Deliberations, Final Trial Session, and Sentence (May 9-23, 1431), Joan's Relapse and Final Adjudication (May 28-29, 1431), Joan of Arc Trial: The Sentence of Death (May, 30, 1431), Decision Voiding Joan's Sentence ("Sentence of Rehabilitation" concluding the "Nullification Trial"), Joan's Nullification Trial: Links to Documents, Letters of Joan of Arc (1429-1430): Links, Joan of Arc Trial: Bibliography and Links. Burgundians and other detractors took to calling him “Charles, the Ill-Advised.”. An original list of seventy articles was produced, but that was deemed too many. Officers were standing by ready to use them. High above a crowd of spectators, crying “Jesus, Jesus, Jesus” she is consumed by flames. Although they could unite to fight against their mutual invading enemy, the English, any sense of unity would be fleeting. She took back everything she had said at the scaffold. In May 1920, before a large crowd gathered outside St. Peter’s Basilica, the Roman Catholic Church declared Joan of Arc to be a saint. Especially so after Joan informed them that voices had told her she had damned her so in making her abjuration. She was seriously ill some of the time; at other times she had to cope with a pawing, taunting guard. The document noted the prejudice of the English against Joan, threats by the English against various trial participants, the denial to Joan of any legal advice, and the length and difficulty of her interrogations. Jean of Luxembourg was hoping to win a ransom for his famous prisoner. The list went on, none worse than her refusal to submit to the judgement of the Church. the trial of jeanne d'arc translated into english from the original latin and french documents . The proceeding was to begin with Joan touching the Bible and taking a sacred oath to tell the truth. The French had superior numbers. As between the dauphin and King Henry V of England, the Burgundians chose Henry—it was no longer a matter for debate. Trial of Joan of Arc is a film directed by Robert Bresson with Florence Delay, Jean-Claude Fourneau, Marc Jacquier, Roger Honorat, Jean Gillibert. Joan was taken to a castle twenty miles away to await a decision as to what should be done with her. When they left me, I wept and truly wished they had taken me with them.”. But Joan’s story was not yet over. The assault’s failure raised a question: if Joan was really God’s chosen warrior, why couldn’t she take Paris? Bouille interviewed persons who had participated in the trial nineteen years earlier. The feast day of St. Joan is May 30, the day of her execution. Perhaps you might ask me things I cannot tell you.” Bishop Cauchon pressed her, but Joan insisted that though she would gladly answer questions about what she had done, she could not reveal her revelations from God—even if she were to be threatened with beheading. Questioned about her faith and behavior by clerics, Joan appeared to be both a devout and a model of integrity. Year: 1962. Directed by Robert Bresson • 1962 • France Fourteen years after Hollywood ran aground with its film of Joan of Arc (starring Ingrid Bergman), French filmmaker Robert Bresson turned his attention to the last part of Joan's life, and the result was a stark and beautifully compact retelling of the tale, based on the actual surviving records of her trial. The natural boundary between the two Frances was the river Loire. Once Jean made clear to her captors that she believed it was God’s will that the French drive the English out of France, she was doomed. Read reviews from world’s largest community for readers. On January 3, 1431, young King Henry (or, more accurately, his key advisors) issued an edict charging Joan with a long list religious crimes and ordering officers to deliver her to the bishop of Beauvais. Other witnesses argued that Joan’s battlefield successes proved the truth of her visions, and that near miraculous things seemed to happen when Joan was around (winds suddenly becoming favorable; water rising to float their boats). In the early morning of October 25, the battle began. There was confusion. Yes, she said. Like the dog in the Book of Proverbs that returned to her vomit, she returned to her sins and must be separated from the Church and turned over to secular power. Joan went on to rack up other victories. The trial continued, and the 70 charges were reduced to 12, which were sent for consideration to many eminent theologians in both Rouen and Paris. People with a more then a casual interest in Joan will certainly want this book, along with W. P. Barrett’s “The Trial of Jeanne d’Arc.” Even now, “at the end of your trial,” the theologian asked Joan to “think carefully about what has been said” and save her soul. When two hours of fighting ended, many of the great military leaders of France lay dead or were captured. Urging her men on in an assault on the walls of France’s largest city, she was hit in the thigh with a crossbow bolt. (France saw Henry’s claim to the French throne as outrageous; claims through the female line lacked validity in their view.). Bishop Cauchon said that Joan’s obstinacy left him no choice but to turn her over to the secular authorities for punishment. She wanted a smashing victory to show skeptics she still had God on her side. The next morning Joan was escorted to an abbey in the center of Rouen. Aside from providing a surfeit of religiosity, this pairing of incongruent intentions caused the emotional turbulence of Open City to make Joan seem unduly dispassionate, and the stylistic austerity of Joan to make Open City seem … The subjects covered in the twelve accusations included her visions, the "sign" she gave to Charles that she was sent by God, her confidence in the advice of angels and saints, her predictions of future events, her wearing of men's dress, her tactics in war, her leaving of her parent's home without their consent, her leap from a forty-foot high prison cell, her assurance that she would go to Heaven, her assertion that God supported the French against the English, her vow of virginity to angels and saints without counsel of a priest, and her unwillingness to submit to Church authority,  The three issues most pressed in questioning were her alleged visions, her refusal to obey the Church, and her practice of wearing male clothing. In French practice, the coronation of a king could only happen with a sacred rite, involving anointing the new king with the sacred oil of Clovis, at the cathedral at Reims. Depiction of the capture of Joan at Compiegne, In May 1430, Joan was focused on the town of Compiegne and relieving it from a Burgundian siege. “I saw them with my bodily eyes, just as well as I see you. And sure enough, a week later, Bishop Cauchon and seven other inquisitors visited her in her royal cell. The powers-that-be took it as a sure sign that Joan—and France—had God on their side. The Trial of Joan of Arc: Amazon.es: Hobbins, Daniel: Libros en idiomas extranjeros Selecciona Tus Preferencias de Cookies Utilizamos cookies y herramientas similares para mejorar tu experiencia de compra, prestar nuestros servicios, entender cómo los utilizas para … The trial of Joan of Arc by Hobbins, Daniel, 1966-Publication date 2005 Topics No, there was no angel—the crown was the promise to lead Charles to his coronation and it was brought by her. The meeting was set to take place at Montereau, on a bridge that spanned a river separating Burgundian and Armagnac held land. The story of Joan of Arc, or parts of it, has been told perhaps 7/8 times on screen since 1928. but this ranks as one of the best. On May 30, 1431, after a lengthy and highly unusual trial process, Joan is bound to a wooden stake in the market square of Rouen. Preparatory Trial Joan is questioned about her voices, conduct in battle, wearing of men's clothing, and other matters. Concentrating on her trial and generally using just the actual transcript of that trial, it is extremely powerful, even though it uses non-professional actors (or perhaps because it … The deaths made Henry’s nine-month-old son (and grandson of Charles), Henry VI, the new king of France and England—or so he was proclaimed in London. Members of the crowd began to shout. Move me to a better prison, among females, and allow me to attend mass—if that could be promised, she would gladly put her dress back on. At the altar of the cathedral of Troyes, Charles recognized Henry as the rightful heir to his throne. A private examination by two women confirmed her virginity. The story of Joan of Arc, the peasant girl whose religious visions altered the history of France, has been told often. At first she was sent away, but Joan came back. This time Joan had a new answer. The Trial of Joan of Arc, 1431 [Colby Introduction]: Joan of Arc is the most phenomenal and attractive personage of the Hundred Years' War on either side. She had, he said, worn men’s clothes in violation of God’s commandment in Deuteronomy, she had made false claims about her revelations, and invented a story about an angel presenting a crown to Charles. The court found her guilty of heresy and she … But the theologians got no answer. What is remarkable about the trial of Joan of Arc, especially for a Medieval trial, is how thoroughly documented it is. Venue shifted later to the episcopal court of Paris where commissioners listened to stories of Joan’s early life—spinning with her mother, ploughing fields, tending animals, falling to the ground to pray whenever she heard church bells. She prayed until the fire did its work. Captured by the Burgundians in 1430, she was held in a secular prison and tried the following year. She also testified that a voice from God had revealed her king to her when she arrived at Chinon. She never used her precious sword. Through Joan’s own words, and the pointed questions of her accusers, history comes alive as it never could for any other trial now nearly 700 years in the past. The next morning, in her cell, Joan was asked for a final time whether she truly had seen visions. But instead, following the lead of Helen Castor in her fine book, Joan of Arc: A History, we will begin a decade earlier, in 1415. While the spy and Joan talked, the witness said, officials listened in a nearby room through a secret hole. We could begin our story in the village of Domremy, France, where Joan, in her father’s garden at the age of 13, Joan saw a light and first heard the voice of an angel. It was a practical test. And if I tell you anything, later I will say that you forced it out of me.” The judges decided against applying torture. The survivors—many of them—impaled themselves on sharpened stakes that the English had been placed in front of the English archers. This time she was threatened with torture. Over the next couple of years, things went from bad to worse. Then Joan began to speak. I am sent here by God, the king of heaven, to face you head to head and drive you from all of France.”, Joan was outfitted with a custom-made suit of armor, presented with a specially prepared banner with the golden fleurs-de-lis France sown on a white background. Moreover, a cross should be erected at the spot in Rouen where she died. Questions about her background were asked, and Joan answered. If she failed—well, nice try. What is remarkable about the trial of Joan of Arc, especially for a Medieval trial, is how thoroughly documented it is. The dauphin married in 1422, and within months the dauphine was pregnant. Procès de condamnation et de réhabilitation de Jeanne d’Arc, dite la Pucelle Also known as The Nullification or Rehabilitation Trail of Joan of Arc She would submit. Put could Joan’s vision be trusted? Joan was unmoved: “In truth, if you tear my limbs apart and separate my soul from my body, I still won’t tell you anything else. Directed by Robert Bresson. Things began with a lecture in which Joan was told that although the Church had “tried the best we can to lead her back to the path of knowledge and truth,” the “wiles of the devil have triumphed.” Jean de Chatilllon, an old master of theology, explained to Joan the errors of her ways and beliefs. Joan’s reversal of fortune began in September 1429, just outside of Paris. She might not have been God's agent, she might not have deserved to have been made a saint, but she led a wholly remarkable life. Otherwise, I’m content with this, since it pleases God that I wear it.”, In her third interrogation session, Joan revealed that the voices she heard were those of St. Catherine and St. Margaret. Joan feared she might be dying and begged that she might be given the sacrament and buried on sacred ground. The charges listed in the edict included wearing men’s clothes, in violation of a prohibition found in the Book of Deuteronomy, falsely leading people to believe she was sent by God, and murder. The trial record, which sometimes preserves Joan's very words, unveils her life, character, visions, and motives in fascinating detail. But political fortunes change and so would Joan’s—at least with respect to the validity of the judgement against her. “I don’t know what you wish to ask me. Bloody fighting between Burgundians and Armagnacs in Paris left corpses stacked “like sides of bacon,” blood streaming into the city’s gutters. On May 2, weary though she was, Joan faced her judges in a room near the great hall of the castle of Rouen. If she—against all odds—succeeded, that would be strong evidence that God had spoken to her as she claimed. The clerics suggested that the king provide an escort for Joan to Orleans, “placing his faith in God.”, Before setting off on her mission, Joan dictated a letter to Henry and his regent. Convened at Rouen and directed by bishop Pierre Cauchon, the trial culminated in Joan's public execution for heresy. High above a crowd of spectators, crying “Jesus, Jesus, Jesus” she is consumed by flames. The official records of the Great Trial of 1431 and of the Process of Rehabilitation of a quarter of a century later are still preserved in the National Archives of France, and they furnish with remarkable fulness the facts of her life. The Trial of Joan of Arc (Procès de Jeanne d'Arc, 1962) by Robert Bresson tells the story of Joan of Arc during the final period of her captivity and her execution in 1431. Besides, she thought that wearing a dress meant she could attend mass—but that had not happened. With the benefit of their insights, the decision in her case was announced by the theologian Pierre Maurice. They heard battlefield stories of Joan’s insistence that her soldiers not pillage, plunder, consort with prostitutes, or even swear. She was baptized into the Catholic faith. But then another group of Burgundian and English soldiers moved in behind her, cutting her off from the bridge and possible safety. The angel, surrounded by many others of his kind, bowed before Charles and said, “Sire, here is your sign. From there, they would go on to London, and become prisoners. A nobleman, testifying years later on Joan’s behalf, recalled that when he encountered Joan shortly after her capture he had grabbed at her breasts and tried to put his hands up her clothes. The verdict came as no surprise, when it finally did on July 7, 1456. Yes, she would submit, but only if the conclusions reached in her case were affirmed by none other than the Holy Father in Rome. In 1420, England and Burgundian-controlled France sealed a treaty. Those whom she led to victory believed that she was inspired of God, and the English, not denying her inspiration, believed that it was of the devil. 1. The seventy were, over the course of a few days, boiled down to twelve. Razor-tipped arrows rained down upon the charging French, cutting through breastplates and flesh. The English took their prizes of dukes and counts (including the influential Charles, duke of Orleans) to Calais. The pope was too far away; they spoke for the Church. What Joan told Charles’s key counselors was this: if given the money and the opportunity, God had told her she had the power to oust the English from France and secure the coronation of Charles in Reims. The first step was to test her virginity, because virgins—or so it was believed—were less likely to be recruited by the Devil. Three days later, theologians of the University of Paris and the vicar-general of the faith asked the Duke of Burgundy to surrender Joan to them, so that they might try her in an ecclesiastical court for various alleged crimes against God. Finally, Joan knelt and took an oath agreeing to tell the truth about her faith and her doings—but making no promise to reveal those messages God did not mean for her to share with anyone but her king, Charles. The story about the angel bringing a crown to Charles was “not plausible,” her believe that she could foretell the future was pure superstition, her jump from her tower cell showed her willingness to commit the sin of suicide, her wearing of men’s clothes was blasphemy. She wore a cap with the words “relapsed heretic, apostate, idolater.” By the pyre and platform that had been built in the market square, Bishop Cauchon read her list of sins. The siege went on for months and, for historian Helen Castor, “seemed to encapsulate the plight of the whole kingdom,” one of “scorched earth, torched homes, and lives and livelihoods destroyed.” To the extent either side had any momentum, it belonged to the English. The Trial of Joan of Arc: An Account. Joan appeared dressed in male clothing, with her dark hair cut short. Bishop Cauchon presided, but was joined by his vice-inquisitor, theologians and priests. With only ten men each accompanying them, and after swearing oaths to not harm each other, the men faced each other in a wooden building constructed just for the meeting on the bridge. In June 1455, Pope Calixtus II issued a papal declaration authorizing a new trial, to be overseen by three papal commissioners, and with Joan’s surviving family as plaintiffs. The Trial of Joan of Arc book. King Charles VI of France (who suffered from episodes of paranoia and derangement) and his 18-year-old son, the dauphin Louis, rushed to Normandy’s capitol of Rouen where preparations were made to block the progress of the English army along the banks of the river Somme. That same year, King Henry died and was buried in Westminster. For the dauphin, the death of his father, King Charles VI, meant something else: at that moment, he became Charles VII, the rightful new king of France. The Trial of Joan of Arc (French: Procès de Jeanne d'Arc) is a 1962 historical film by the French director Robert Bresson.Joan of Arc is played by Florence Delay.. As usual in Bresson's mature films, The Trial of Joan of Arc stars non-professional performers and is filmed in an extremely spare, restrained style. “Noble king, God’s will is done,” she said. The story of Joan of Arc, the peasant girl whose religious visions altered the history of France, has been told often. She had, despite the best efforts of those concerned about her soul, stubbornly refused to admit her sins. In the preceding weeks, Cauchon and his advisors had reviewed the evidence, created a list of articles of accusation, and prepared a series of question they intended to ask the defendant. The king’s council, on behalf of King Henry VI, bought Joan from her Burgundian captors in November. In the summer of 1415, King Henry V of England invaded France, hoping to reclaim a kingdom he said was rightfully his. She also, despite her protest of the previous day, spoke of the messages she had received from God. Meanwhile, Joan fell sick in prison and was attended by two doctors. On May 4, she sent a message on an arrow to soldiers in the English encampment warning that unless they ended their siege she would “make a war cry that will be remembered forever.” She signed “Jeanne la Pucelle” (Joan the Maid). The fighting dragged on between the France of the north, ruled from Rouen by the regent Bedford, and the France of the south, ruled from Bourges by Charles. And like so many stories in history, things do not end well for Joan. The year the last English soldiers were driven from France was also the first time in years King Charles spoke publicly of Joan. There she would meet Bishop Pierre Cauchon and 42 clerics. There would be short-lived truces, but the inevitable came in 1450, when the last English holdout in France, the fortress of Cherbourg, was abandoned. Another witness reported that Joan’s relapse was met with celebration, Cauchon declaring, “Farewell it is done!” (Although later another witness would report that Cauchon became angry when an English cleric criticized him for accepting Joan’s abjuration, telling his critic that it was his job to save souls, not kill people.). Like all of Bresson’s films, there is no backstory provided concerning significant background information of the characters, but in this case, one is scarcely necessary. Meeting the next day with forty or so clerics, the conclusion was made that Joan was a relapsed heretic—and there was only one thing to do with relapsed heretics.

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